Effect Evaluation of Strychnos nux-vomica L. with Integrative Methods for Bortezomib-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Multiple Myeloma Patients: A Self-Controlled Clinical Trial / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the clinical effect and adverse reactions of Strychnos nux-vomica in bortezomib-induced peripheral neuropathy (BIPN) of patients with multiple myeloma (MM).@*METHODS@#A total of 19 MM patients with BIPN were enrolled and Nux Vomica Capsule (NVC, 0.4 g, thrice daily) were orally administrated for 30 days. Comparative analysis on parameters between pre- and post-therapy, including peripheral neuropathy (PN) grade, neurotoxicity score, Chinese medicine (CM) syndrome score, total neuropathy score (TNS), coagulation function, and serum nerve growth factor (NGF) levels were conducted. The adverse events were monitored.@*RESULTS@#In BIPN of MM patients who received NVC, PN grade was lowered, neurotoxicity score was obviously decreased (P⩽0.01), and both CM syndrome score and TNS were remarkably decreased (P0.05). No evident adverse reactions were observed during the course of treatment.@*CONCLUSION@#Strychnos nux-vomica L. has significantly effect with a good safety in treatment of BIPN in MM patients.

Effects of VEGF-Notch Signaling Pathway on Proliferation and Apoptosis of Bone Marrow MSC in Patients with Aplastic Anemia / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the regulation of VEGF-Notch signaling pathway on proliferation and apoptosis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in the patients with aplastic anemia (AA).@*METHODS@#The bone marrow specimens of AA patients were collected for isolation and identification of BM MSC. Westen blot was used to detect the expression of VEGF-Notch signaling pathway-related proteins (VEGF, VEGFR, Notch 1, Jagged 1, Delta-like 1 and Hes1). The VEGF (100 ng/ml) and DAPT (γ-secretase inhibitor, 10 μmol/L) were respectively added into MSC culture system in oder to activate and inhibit the signaling transduction of VEGF-Notch in BM MSC. The proliferation, apoptosis and cell cycle of MSC in AA patients were detected by CCK8 assay and flow cyfometry. The adipogenic differentiation of BM MSC was detected by oil red O staining.@*RESULTS@#The VEGF-Notch signaling pathway was significantly inhibited in AA BM tissues and AA MSC (P＜0.05) detected by Western blot. The intervention of VEGF and DAPT significantly activated and inhibited VEGF-Notch signaling in AA MSC, respectively. CCK8 assay showed that VEGF intervention significantly promoted the proliferation of MSC in AA patients (P＜0.05). Flow cytometry showed that VEGF significantly inhibited apoptosis of MSCs by blocking S phase cells (P＜0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The activation of VEGF-Notch can restore the proliferation function of MSC in AA patients.

Content Determination of 7 Components of Water Decoction of Compatibility of Crataegi Fructus and Rhei Radix et Rhizoma Before and After Stir-frying with Wine / 中国中医药信息杂志

Objective To establish a content determination method for 7 components of water decoction of compatibility of Crataegi Fructus and Rhei Radix et Rhizoma before and after stir-frying with wine; To provide a reference for the clinical compatibility of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma and Crataegi Fructus. Methods HPLC was performed on the column of Thermo-C18 endcapped column (250 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm). The mobile phase was 0.1% phosphoric acid water-acetonitrile system and a linear gradient elution was used. The column temperature was 25 ℃, and the injection volume was 10 μL. The detection wavelength was set at 254 nm. Results The seven markers including gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, aloe-emodin, rheinic acid, rheum emodin, chrysophanic acid and emodin monomethyl ether, reached baseline separation. The linearity was good, and the average recovery was 104.2%, 100.3%, 99.8%, 102.8%, 103.5%, 98.5%, and 99.5%. RSDs of 7 components were all less than 2.7%. The method showed high precision, stability and reproducibility. After prepared with wine, gallic acid content increased in Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, while aloe emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion decreased to varying degrees. The content of chlorogenic acid increased in water decoction of compatibility of Crataegi Fructus Rhei Radix et Rhizoma. Conclusion The method can be used for the content determination of 7 components of water decoction of the compatibility of Rhei Radix et Rhizoma and Crataegi Fructus before and after stir-frying with wine, providing references for clinical application.

Effect of Chinese medicine treatment based on pattern identification on cellular immunophenotype of myelodysplastic syndrome / 中国结合医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the influence of treatment based on Chinese medicine pattern identification on cellular immunophenotype of the myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Sixty patients with MDS were randomly and equally assigned to the treatment group and the control group using a randomized digital table. Thirty patients in each group included 3 risk levels (low, moderate and high risks) with each level 10 patients according to the international prognostic scoring system. The control group was given conventional therapy which was also used in the treatment group. While the treatment group was given Zuogui Pill () and Yougui Pill () for low risk patients; Qingwen Baidu Decoction () and Bazhen Decoction () for moderate risk patients; Gexia Zhuyu Decoction () and Qinghao Biejia Decoction () combined with Shiquan Dabu Decoction () for high risk patients. After the treatment, the differences of overall response rate and immunophenotype (CD13, CD14, CD15, CD33 and CD34) of each group were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The overall response rate of the treatment group was significantly higher than the control group in low risk and moderate risk patients (P=0.029), there was no statistical differences of overall response rate between the treatment group and the control group in high risk patients (P=0.089). The expressions of CD13, CD14, CD33 and CD34 in all three risk levels of the treatment group were obviously decreased after the treatment, while CD15 in all three risk levels of the treatment group was obviously increased after the treatment (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Meanwhile, the difference values of CD13 and CD33 in low risk level of the treatment group, CD33 and CD34 in moderate risk level of the treatment group as well as CD34 and CD15 in high risk level of the treatment group, were all greater than the control groups and they were statistically significant (P<0.05 or P<0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>It shows a better therapeutic effect if the MDS patients treated with Chinese medicine pattern identification in addition to conventional therapy. Since the treatment may inhibit the malignant clones and improve the dysmaturity of granulocyte differentiation, it is a feasible option in clinical practice.</p>

Treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation combined with Chinese medical syndrome typing: a clinical study / 中国中西医结合杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the clinical efficacy of treating myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) combined with Chinese medical syndrome typing.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From July 2009 to July 2013, 6 MDS patients were treated with allo-HSCT combined with Chinese medical syndrome typing from HLA-identical sibling donors at Department of Hematology, Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine. Patients were classified as refractory anemia (RA, 2 cases), refractory anemia with ringed sideroblast (RARS, 1 case), refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia (RCMD, 2 cases), and RA with excess blasts-I (RAEB-I , 1 case). Modified BuCy conditioning regimen was used in all 6 cases. Two patients received bone marrow transplantation (BMT), 1 patient received peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT), and 3 patients received BMT + PBSCT. In order to prevent the occurrence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), all patients were treated with cyclosporine + methotrexate + mycophenolate mofetil. Different Chinese medical treatment methods (by syndrome typing) were given to patients according to different criticality of international prognostic scoring system (IPSS, 5 at moderate risk and 1 at high risk).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All 6 patients successfully reconstructed their hematopoietic system. The time from transplantation to ANC ≥ 0.5 x 10(9)/L and platelet (PLT) ≥ 20 x10(9)/L were 13 (9-15) days and 11 (9-22) days respectively. Main complications were GVHD. Acute GVHD (aGVHD) occurred in 4 cases, 3 cases of grade I and 1 case of grade II, and local chronic GVHD (cGVHD) occurred in 1 patient. All cases survived with median follow-up of 18 (11-58) months. The overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) rate were 100%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>HSCT combined with Chinese medical syndrome typing could improve clinical symptoms, reduce transplant as- sociated complications. So it was an effective treatment choice for MDS.</p>

Combined use of Chinese medicine with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for severe aplastic anemia patients / 中国结合医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the effect of combined treatment with Chinese medicine (CM) and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) on patients with severe aplastic anemia (SAA).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Eleven patients were treated with CM plus allo-HSCT. Nine patients received a conditioning regimen consisting of fludarabine (Flu), anti-thymocyte globulin (pig ALG), or anti-lymphocyte globulin (Rabbit ATG) and cyclophosphamide (CY), and two patients received pig ALG and CY. All patients were treated with Kidney (Shen)-reinforcing, blood-activating, and stasis-removing (KBS) herbal preparation beginning at 1 week before transplantation and ending at 8 weeks after transplantation. Chimerism status was assessed by analyzing short tandem repeat (STR) polymorphisms.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All patients recovered hematopoietic function and none had graft failure. The median number of days required for the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) increased to >0.5×10(9)/L was 15 days (12-22 days) and for spontaneous platelet recovery to >20×10(9)/L without post-transplantation transfusion was 17 days (15-27 days). Nine patients were long-term survivors and achieved full donor chimerism. The overall cumulative incidence of acute graft versus host disease (GVHD) grades I-II and III-IV was 18.2% (2/11) and 9.1% (1/11), respectively. The overall accumulated incidence of chronic GVHD was 27.3% and all patients had limited chronic GVHD. At a median follow-up time of 32 months (range: 12-97 months), 9 patients were still alive. The estimated 5-year overall survival (OS) rate was 81.8%. The incidence of treatment-related mortality, 2-year post-transplantation, was 18.2%. Two patients died from GVHD after transplantation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Treatment with the KBS formulation may reduce the rate of graft failure and treatment-related mortality and improve the rate of OS in SAA patients with allo-HSCT.</p>

Bone marrow angiogenesis in patients presenting with differential Chinese medicine syndrome: correlation with the clinico-pathological features of aplastic anemia / 中国结合医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore differences in bone marrow angiogenesis seen in aplastic anemia (AA) patients presenting with differential Chinese medicine (CM) syndrome, and to correlate these differences with clinical pathology.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty-five patients were enrolled, including 18 with "yang deficiency syndrome" and 17 with "yin deficiency syndrome." Bone marrow biopsies and serum were collected. Microvessel density (MVD) and positive expression of vascular endothelial-derived growth factor (VEGF) were detected by immunohistochemisty. Hypoxia inducible factor -1α (HIF-1α), and VEGF expression were assayed by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA), serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was tested by enzyme method and liquid chip technology was used to detected the expression of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Counts for leukocytes, absolute neutrophils and platelets in "yin deficiency syndrome" were lower than those found in "yang deficiency syndrome" (P<0.05). MVD and VEGF expression, and the positive rate of CD34 and VEGF in bone marrow were lower in AA, especially in "yin deficiency syndrome" (P<0.01 or P<0.05). "Yin deficiency syndrome" displayed decreased VEGF and LDH expression, and enhanced expression of HIF-1α as compared to "yang deficiency syndrome" (P<0.05). Levels of IL-4 and IL-6 were higher in AA (P<0.01), but IL-10 was decreased (P<0.05). High TNF-α expression was seen in "yang deficiency syndrome" and IFN-γ expression was decreased in "yin deficiency syndrome" as compared with normals (P <0.01 and P<0.05, respectively).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>AA patients have lower MVD than normals, especially in "yin deficiency syndrome." MVD might differentially correlate to disease severity, and could be dependent on bone marrow or serum VEGF expression and LDH. Additionally, IL-2, IL-10, IL-4 and IFN-γ were negatively associated while IL-6 and TNF-α were positively associated with MVD.</p>

Cytotoxicity of homoharringtonine on leukemic stem-like cells in AML cell line KG-1 / 浙江大学学报·医学版

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of homoharringtonine (HHT) on leukemic stem-like cells (LSC) in human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The phenotypes of AML cell lines U937,Kasumi-1,and KG-1 cells were analyzed by flow cytometry (FACS). The effect of HHT on leukemia stem-like cells with immunophenotype of CD34(+)CD38(-)CD96(+) was detected with FACS. Cell growth was measured by MTT assay. Activation of Caspase pathway and expression of apoptosis-related regulator proteins were examined by Western blotting.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>FACS demonstrated that the 69% of KG-1 cells expressed LSC phenotype CD34(+)CD38(-)CD96(+), while 26.7% on Kasumi-1 cells expressed this marker. In contrast,U937 cells showed CD96 negative. HHT significantly inhibited cell growth of KG-1 cells with an IC(50) of 16.9 ng/ml at 48 h. The ratio of CD34(+)CD38(-)CD96(+) cells decreased from 63.6% to 17.1% after HHT treatment. Enhanced apoptosis was demonstrated in HHT group evidenced by strong activation of Caspase-9,Caspase-3 and PARP.HHT treatment resulted in down-regulation of expression of anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2 and phosphorylated-Akt.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>HHT can effectively kill the leukemic stem-like cells in human AML cell line KG1 by inhibiting cell growth and inducing apoptosis which is associated with activation of Caspase pathway and down-regulation of anti-apoptotic proteins and phosphorylated-Akt.</p>

Historical comparisons on related features among newly registered leprosy patients in the endemic areas of Wenshan district, Yunnan province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To analyze the current situation and prevalence of leprosy in Wenshan district, Yunnan province. Methods To collect various data on leprosy reported by the health workers at the county level. Results The number of newly registered patients did not decrease significantly in 1989, 1999 and 2009, respectively. The mean age of patients at detection was 33-35 years old. Time of delay between the disease onset and being diagnosed was shortened from 35.2 months in 1989 to 15.9 months in 2009. However, the proportion of patients with more than 12 months of delay still accounted for nearly 50%. The proportion of Grade II disability fluctuated between 15.2%-17.7% and the proportion of child cases increased from 8.1% in 1989 to 13.1% in 2009. Clinics for skin diseases were the main locations for case detection. The proportion of new cases detected through 'active case finding' program accounted for 44.3% in 1999 and 42.6% in 2009, both higher than 17.7% in 1989. Conclusion The situation of leprosy in Wenshan district, Yunnan province, was still serious and the reason for the occurrence of new cases was related to the fact that the infectious source of leprosy had not been under full control.

Epidemiological analysis on leprosy in China, 2009 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To study the epidemiological characteristics of leprosy and to provide evidence for specific strategies development on leprosy control. Methods Descriptive analysis of data from the national leprosy surveillance system was carried out in 2009. Results A total number of 1597 new cases were detected in 2009 with a case detection rate of 0.120 per 100 000 population.The proportions of children under 15, multibacillary and disability grade 2 were 2.4%, 84.3% and 22.8% respectively. A total number of 148 relapse cases were reported in 2009, among which 69 cases were those relapsed after multi-drug therapy. The existing cases were 6603 by the end of 2009 with a prevalence rate of 0.049 per 10 000 populations, among which 3332 cases were on multi-drug therapy. Conclusion The overall leprosy situation is considered to be at low endemic in China but the distribution is unequal, with pocket areas in Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou. In order to reach the target on leprosy elimination, which was considered as a public health and social problem, the input and efforts are needed for many years to come.

Treatment of severe aplastic anemia by immunosuppressor anti-lymphocyte globulin/anti-thymus globulin as the chief medicine in combination with Chinese drugs / 中国结合医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the therapeutic effect of combined therapy with Chinese drugs and immuno-suppressors, mainly anti-lymphocyte globulin/anti-thymus globulin (ALG/ATG), for the treatment of severe aplastic anemia (SAA), the efficacy associated factors and adverse effects as well.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A retrospective analysis was conducted on 65 patients with SAA treated by combined therapy which was supplemented with cyclosporin A, androgen, hematopoietic growth factor, etc.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of the 57 patients followed-up, 26 (45.6%) were basically cured, 15 (26.3%) remitted, and 8 (14.0%) improved markedly, the total effective rate being 85.9%. By separately comparing with a single item of clinical data, it was shown that the therapeutic effectiveness was correlated, to a certain extent, with age, illness duration, neutrophil count, and bone marrow proliferation in patients before treatment, as well as with infection that occurred in the follow-up period. It was obviously higher in patients with peripheral neutrophil count > 0.5 x 10 10(9)/L (P<0.05). Various degrees of serum sickness-like reactions occurred in the treatment of 36 patients, including fever in 36 (63.2%), skin rash in 8 (14.0%), and musculoskeletal pain in 5 (8.8%).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The therapeutic effect of combined therapy with Chinese drugs and ALG/ATG in treating SAA could be affirmed, showing some superiority as compared with Western medicine alone. The patients' age, duration of illness, neutrophil count, and bone marrow proliferation before treatment, and degree of infection that occurred could affect the therapeutic efficacy to a certain extent. Adverse reactions resulting from the combined therapy are less, showing the toxicity reducing and effect enhancing action of Chinese drugs.</p>

Treatment of refractory severe autoimmune disease by combined therapy with Chinese drug and autohemopoietic stem cell transplantation / 中国中西医结合杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the clinical effect of Chinese herbal medicine combined with auto-hemopoietic stem cell transplantation for refractory severe autoimmune disease (RSAID).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Auto-hemopoietic stem cell transplantation was conducted for the treatment of 7 patients with RSAID, including 4 cases of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 2 myasthenia gravis (MG) and 1 polymyositis (PM) with the FAC program (consisting of fludarabine, antithymocyte globulin, and cyclophosphamide FAC) as for pretreatment. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) was given orally after transplantation to patients according to their syndrome type.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The hemopoiesis function was smoothly re-established in all patients, with their clinical symptoms and signs obviously improved, laboratory indexes negatively conversed or obviously decreased, and withdrawal or dose reducing of medicines.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Combined use of TCM after auto-hemopoietic stem cell transplantation can accelerate patients' hemopoiesis function re-establishment, with significant effects in reducing complications, improving clinical symptoms and signs.</p>

A long-term evolution on the epidemiological characteristics of leprosy, towards the goal of its elimination in 1949-2007 in China / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the epidemiologicsl characteristics of leprosy during the evolution of the disease, towards the goal of elimination for the past 50 years and longer, so as to provide experiences for aecelerating eradication of leprosy in China. Methods Data were collected from National Surveillance System of Leprosy which was composed annually of all the data from county-based leprosy unit reporting system. All the data were reviewed retrospectively. Results A total number of 487 900 leprosy patients were reported from 1949 to 2007 in China. The ease detection rate reduced from the highest of 5.561100 000 in 1958 to the lowest of 0.12/100 000 in 2007. Leprosy patients mainly distributed in mountain areas in Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Guangdong Guangxi, Hunan and Jiangxi provinces with warm and damp climate and underdeveloped economy. After more than 50 years of leprosy control efforts,the case detection rate declined quickly in provinces in the eastern and the southern parts but very slowly in provinces in the western and the southwestern part of China. The ratio of relapsed patients to newly detected ones increased from 1:139 in 1960s' to 1:10 after 1980s', annually. The proportion of child cases among newly detected patients had been 3 %-4 % since 1968. In the recent 20 years, the proportion of new patients with positive skin smear gradually increased and the rate of disability grade two reached 20 % and more. The average age of new patients upon diagnosis was 45 years old in the east coastal provinces but only 38 years old in the southwest provinces. A new finding was that some new patients detected in the east coastal provinces were immigrants from the southwestern provinces. Conclusion With continuous socio-economic development and active efforts on leprosy control, the prevalence of leprosy gradually declined despite the long evolution period. Some negative events seemed to have influenced the trend of case detection.

Immune response of dendritic cells capturing antigens from apoptotic U937 cells induced by artesunate / 中国实验血液学杂志

The objective of study was to investigate whether U937 cells-loaded dendritic cells (DCs) could induce anti-leukemic immune activity. The apoptosis of U937 cells was induced by artesunate (ART). DCs derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of health donors were loaded with apoptotic U937 cells, and induced to maturation in the presence of TNF-alpha. Matured DCs were cocultured with autologous T-lymphocytes, and combined with IL-2 in order to induce the leukemia-specific CTL. The phenotypes of DCs and T lymphocytes were tested by flow cytometry. The ability of DC capturing antigens was measured by Dextran-FITC endocytosis. The IL-12p70 level was assayed by ELISA kit. The proliferation of CTL and CTL activity were measured by MTT assay. The results showed that the apoptotic rate of the U937 cells was 51.2% when U937 cells were induced by 1 microg/ml ART for 48 hours in vitro. DCs had the most powerful ability of endocytosis in its immature phase. Apoptotic U937 cells could not induce the features of DC maturation, and apoptotic U937 cell-pulsed immature DCs could be matured with TNF-alpha. The IL-12p70 level secreded by apoptotic U937 cell-loaded mature DCs (mDC-(Apo)U937) was higher than that of non-loaded mDC. The proliferation of autologous T lymphocytes co-cultured with mDC-(Apo)U937 was significantly remarkable and the content of CD8(+) CTL was significantly higher in comparison with any other groups. CTL induced by mDC-(Apo)U937 had stronger killing effect on U937 cells than NB4 (p < 0.01). It is concluded that the mDC-(Apo)U937 can effectively generate T cell-mediated dendritic antileukemic responses in vitro.

Pharmacokinetics of fudosteine in healthy volunteers / 药学学报

<p><b>AIM</b>To study the pharmacokinetics of fudosteine in healthy volunteers after the single and multiple dose administration.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty-six volunteers were divided into three groups randomly, each group included six men and six women. In the single dose design, the volunteers received either a single dose of 600 mg, 400 mg or 200 mg fudosteine. After a one-week wash out period, the volunteers of 400 mg group participated in the multiple dose design in which each volunteer received 400 mg fudosteine three times a day for five consecutive days. The plasma concentrations were determined by pre-column derivatization HPLC-FL method and the pharmacokinetic parameters of fudosteine were calculated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The obtained pharmacokinetic parameters of fudosteine in single dose of 600 mg, 400 mg and 200 mg groups were as follows: T1/2 were (2.8 +/- 0.5), (2.7 +/- 0.5) and (3.2 +/- 0.6) h, respectively. T(max) were (0.51 +/- 0.22), (0.59 +/- 0.21) and (0.48 +/- 0.18) h, respectively. C(max) were (16 +/- 4), (11 +/- 3) and (6.1 +/- 1.5) microg x mL(-1), respectively. The AUC(0-10 h) and C(max) correlated linearly with doses, respectively (r > 0.99). The T(max), C(max) and AUC values of fudosteine in healthy male volunteers were smaller than those in female volunteers, and the T1/2 value was longer than that in female volunteers. The obtained multi-dose pharmacokinetic parameters of fudosteine were as follows: C(ss) was (4.1 +/- 0.8) microg x mL(-1); DF was 3.0 +/- 0.7; T1/2 was (2.5 +/- 0.4) h; T(max) was (0.6 +/- 0.3) h; C(max) was (13.2 +/- 1.3) microg x mL(-1).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The values of pharmacokinetic parameters in healthy volunteers were linear in the range from 200 mg to 600 mg. Statistic analysis results showed that the differences of AUC and C(max) between men and women were not resulted from sexual differences, but from the weight differences. There was no significant difference in pharmacokinetic parameters between single dose and multi-dose.</p>

Trends of case detection and other indicators of leprosy in China during 1985-2002 / 中国医学科学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the trends of case detection and other indicators of leprosy in China during 1985-2002.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Data reported by each province were collected by China National Leprosy Database in Nanjing P.R. China. All data about registered cases were put into computer for analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>From 1985 to 2002, a total of 49,477 new leprosy cases had been detected. Among them, 69.5% were multibacillary cases and 25.4% had grade 2 disability. The child cases aged below 15 years accounted for 3.74% of total cases. Totally, 5824 cases and 303 cases relapsed after dapsone (DDS) mono-therapy and multidrug therapy (MDT), respectively. Case detection showed a marked reduction from 0.47/100,000 in 1985 to 0.18/100,000 in 1993 although there were several spurts due to operational factors. From 1994, case detection showed no significant decline. The grade 2 disability among new patients decreased from 31.4% in 1985 to 23.4% in 2002. The child case detection rate among new cases fluctuated between 2.70%-3.56% from 1999 to 2002. The incidence of relapse declined after the introduction of DDS mono-therapy. However, it increased after the introduction of MDT.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>China experiences in leprosy control show that it will take a long time with continuing present leprosy control activities to bring down the case detection and other indicators to a very low level even after reaching the elimination goal of leprosy.</p>

Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of eperisone hydrochloride tablet in healthy subjects / 药学学报

<p><b>AIM</b>To develop a HPLC-ESI-MS assay for determination of eperisone hydrochloride in human plasma and investigate the pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of two eperisone hydrochloride tablets in human.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Buflomedil hydrochloride was used as the internal standard. After alkalized with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, plasma was extracted with diethylether-cyclohexane (1:1) and separated using HPLC on a reversed-phase C18 column with a mobile phase of 10 mmol x L(-1) ammonium acetate buffer solution (adjusted to pH 3.88 with acetic acid)-methanol (20:80). HPLC-ESI-MS was performed in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode using target ions at m/z 260 for eperisone and m/z 308 for the internal standard. A randomized crossover design was performed in 20 healthy volunteers. In the two study periods, a single 100 mg dose of each tablet was administered to each volunteer.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Calibration curve was linear over the range of 0.02-20 microg x L(-1). The limit of quantification for eperisone hydrochloride in plasma was 0.02 microg x L(-1). The main pharmacokinetics parameters T1/2, Tmax and Cmax were (2.7 +/- 0.4) h, (1.1 +/- 0.5) h and (2.8 +/- 2.8) microg x L(-1) for the reference tablet; (2.8 +/- 0.5) h, (1.1 +/- 0.4) h and (3 +/- 4) microg x L(-1) for the test tablet, respectively. The relative bioavalability of the test tablet was (101 +/- 13)%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The assay was proved to be sensitive, accurate and convenient. The two formulations were bioequivalent.</p>

Identification of multidrug resistance related genes in leukemia by suppression subtractive hybridization / 中华血液学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To clone and screen genes related to multidrug resistance (MDR) in leukemia.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) was performed to profile differentially expressed genes between a MDR leukemia cell line (K562/DOX, as tester) and its parent cell line (K562, as driver). Reverse Northern dot blot was carried out to further screen the subtracted cDNA library. The overexpressed cDNA fragments in K562/DOX cells were sequenced and compared with known genes in Genbank. RT-PCR and Northern blot were employed to confirm the differential expression of some identified genes.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Eleven genes were identified being overexpressed in K562/DOX, including S3 ribosomal protein (S3rp) gene, NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2) gene and My023 gene, which have not been reported to be related to MDR in cancer.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Several genes, which might be involved in MDR were identified, indicating novel mechanisms of MDR in leukemia.</p>